Loculament, dilating at the end into a is well seen in Cucurbitaceae fig. Illinois flower delivery carpellary fold inwards very slightly, or they may be applied in a valvate manner, merely touching at their margins, the placentas then being parietal fig.

94, and appearing as lines or thickenings along the occur, however, in which the placentas are not connected with the walls of the ovary, and form what is called a free central placenta fig. This is free flower delivery to auburn california in many of the Caryophyllaceae and Primulaceae figs. In Caryophyllaceae, however, while the placenta is free in the centre, there are often traces found at the base of the ovary of the remains of septa, as if rupture had taken place, and, in rare instances, ovules are found on the margins of the in Primulaceae no vestiges of septa or marginal ovules can be perceived at any period of growth; the placenta is always free, and rises in the centre of the central placentation, there fore, has been accounted for in two ways either by supposing that the placentas in the early state were formed on the margins of 2 FIG.

article - The same cut horizontally, and the halves separated so as to show the interior of the cavity of the ovary o, with the free central placenta p, covered with ovules g.

carpellary leaves, and that in the progress of development these leaves separated from them, leaving the placentas and ovules free in the centre; or by supposing that the placentas are not marginal but axile formations, produced by an elongation of the axis, and the carpels verticillate leaves, united together around the first of these views applies to Caryophyllaceae, the second to Primulaceae.

The ovary is usually of a more or less spherical or curved form, sometimes smooth and uniform on its surface, at other times hairy and grooves usually indicate the divisions between the carpels and correspond to the dorsal suture may be marked by a slight projection or by a superficial the ovary is situated on the centre of the receptacle, free from the other whorls, so that its base is above the insertion of the stamens, it is termed superior, as in Lychnis, Primula fig.

When the margin of the receptacle is prolonged upwards, carrying with it the floral envelopes and stamina leaves, the basal portion of the ovary being formed by the receptacle, and the carpellary leaves alone closing in the apex, the ovary is inferior, as in pomegranate, aralia fig. In some plants, as many Saxifragaceae, a there are intermediate forms, in which the term half-inferior is applied to the ovary, whilst the floral whorls are halfsuperior.

article The divisions of the stigma mark the number of carpels which compose the in Campanula a five-cleft stigma indicates five carpels; in Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Acanthaceae, the two-lobed or bilamellar stigma indicates a bilocular ovary.

covered by a hood, in calabar lobes of a stigma are flat and pointed as in Mimulus and Bignonia, fleshy and blunt, smooth or granular, or they are feathery, as in many grasses fig. 105 and other windpollinated Orchidaceae the stigma is situated on the anterior surface of the column beneath the Asclepiadaceae the stigmas are united to the face of the anthers, and along with them form a solid mass.

the carpellary leaves, but are also formed over the whole surface of the leaf, as in other instances they rise The the floral axis itself, either terminal, as in Poly gonaceae and Piperaceae, or lateral, as in Primulaceae and ovule is usually contained in an ovary, and all plants in which the ovule is so enclosed are termed angiospermous; but in Coniferae and Cycadaceae it has no proper ovarian covering, and is called naked, these orders being denominated Cycas the altered leaf, upon the margin of which the ovule is produced, and the peltate scales, from which they are pendulous in Zamia, are regarded by all botanists as carpellary for the Coniferae great discussion has arisen regarding the morphology of parts in many carpellary leaves are sometimes united in such a way as to leave an opening at the apex of the pistil, so that the ovules are exposed, as in Leontice thalictroides Blue Cohosh, species of Ophiopogon, Peliosanthes and Stateria, the ovary ruptures immediately after flowering, and the ovules are exposed; and in species of Cuphea the placenta ultimately bursts through the ovary and corolla, and becomes erect, bearing the exposed ovule is attached to the placenta either directly, when it is sessile, or by means of a prolongation funicle fig.

This cord order flowers for delivery becomes much elongated after part by which the ovule is attached to the placenta or cord is its base or hilum, the opposite extremity being its latter is frequently turned round in such a way as to approach the ovule is sometimes embedded in the placenta, as in Hydnora.

article - Orthotropous ovule of Polygonum in section, showing the embryo-sac s, in the nucellus n, the different ovular coverings, the base of the nucellus or chalaza ch, and the apex of the ovule with its micropyle m.

- Vertical section of the ovule of the Austrian Pine Pinus austriaca, showing the nucellus a, consisting of delicate cellular tissue containing deep in its substance an embryo-sac b. The ovule appears at first as a small cellular projection from the cells multiply until they assume a more or less enlarged ovate form constituting what has been called the nucellus fig. 106, n, or flower delivery london cellular mass of the nucellus may remain naked, and alone form the ovule, as in some orders of parasitic plants such as Balanophoraceae, Santalaceae, c.

; but in most plants it becomes surrounded by certain coverings or integuments during its appear first in the form of cellular rings at the base of the nucellus, which gradually spread over its surface figs.

In some cases only one covering is formed, especially amongst gamopetalous dicotyledons, as in Compositae, Campanulaceae, also in walnut, c. But usually besides the single covering flower delivery courier pasadena is developed subsequently fig. 106, o, which gradually extends over that first formed, and ultimately covers it completely, except at the are thus two integuments to the nucellus, an outer and an integuments do not completely invest the apex of the nucellus, but an opening termed the micropyle is micropyle indicates the organic apex of the ovule.

A single cell of the nucellus enlarges greatly to form the embryo-sac or megaspore fig. This christmas flower specials delivery increases in size, gradually supplanting the cellular tissue of the nucellus until it is surrounded only by a thin layer of it; or it may actually extend at the apex beyond it, as in Phaseolus and Alsine media; or it may pass into the micropyle, as in Gymnosperms it usually remains deep in the nucellus and surrounded by a thick mass of cellular tissue fig.

For an account of the further development of the megaspore, and the formation of the egg-cell, from which after fertilization is formed the embryo, see Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. article The point where the integuments are united to the base of the nucellus is called the chalaza figs. This is often coloured, is of a denser texture than the surrounding tissue, and is traversed by fibrovascular bundles, which pass from the placenta to nourish the ovule.

When the ovule is so developed that the chalaza is at the hilum next the placenta, and the micropyle is at the opposite extremity, there being a short funicle, the ovule is orthotropous. I12, Cistaceae, and most such an ovule a straight line drawn from the hilum to the micropyle passes along the axis of the ovule.

Where, by more rapid growth on one side than on the other, the nucellus, together with the integuments, is curved upon itself, so that the micropyle approaches the hilum,and ultimately is placed close to it, while the chalaza is at the hilum, the ovule is campylotropous fig. Curved ovules are found in Cruciferae, and inverted or anatropous ovule fig. I I 1 is the commonest form amongst this ovule the apex with the micropyle is turned towards the point of attachment of the funicle to the placenta, the chalaza being situated at the opposite extremity; and the funicle, which runs along the side usually next the placenta, coalesces with the ovule and constitutes the raphe r, which often forms a anatropous ovule arises from the placenta as a straight or only slightly curved cellular process, and as it grows, gradually becomes inverted, curving from the point of origin of the integuments cf.

As the first integument grows round it, the amount of inversion increases, and the funicle becomes adherent to the side of the if a second integument be formed it covers all the free part of the ovule, but does not form on the side to which the raphe is may be taken as the three types of ovule; but there are various intermediate forms, such as semi-anatropous and others. article The position of the ovule relative to the ovary there is a single ovule, with its axis vertical, it may be attached to the placenta at the base of the ovary basal placenta, and is then erect, as in Polygonaceae and Compositae; or it may be inserted a little above the base, on a parietal placenta, with its apex upwards, and then is ascending, as in may hang from an apicilar placenta at the summit of the ovary, its apex being directed downwards, and is inverted or pendulous, as in Hippuris vulgaris; or from a parietal placenta near the summit, and then is suspended, as in Daphne Mezereum, Polygalaceae and a long funicle arises from a basal placenta, reaches the summit of the ovary, and there bending over suspends the ovule, as in Armeria sea-pink; at other times the hilum appears to be in the middle, and the ovule becomes there are two ovules in the same cell, they may be either collateral, that is, placed side by eh 1 h FIG.

- Campylotropous ovule of wall-flower Cheiranthus, showing the funicle f, which attaches the ovule to the placenta; p, the outer, s, the inner coat, n, the nucellus, ch, the ovule is curved upon itself, so that the micropyle is near the funicle.

article - Anatropous ovule of Dandelion Taraxacum, nucellus, which is inverted, so that the chalaza ch, is removed from the base or hilum h, while the micropyle f is near the connexion between the base of the ovule and the base of the nucellus is kept up by means of the raphe r.

92, or the one may be erect and the other inverted, as in some species of Spiraea and Aesculus; or they may be placed one above another, each directed similarly, as is the case in ovaries containing a moderate or definite number of ovules.

91, the ovules, o, are attached to the extended marginal placenta, one above the other, forming usually two parallel rows corresponding to each margin of the the ovules are definite i. are uniform, and can be counted, it is usual to find their attachment so constant as to afford good characters for the ovules are very numerous indefinite, while at the same time the placenta is not much developed, their position exhibits great variation, some being directed upwards, others downwards, others transversely; and their form is altered by pressure into various polyhedral such cases it frequently happens that some of the ovules are arrested in their development and become abortive.

article When the pistil has reached a certain stage in growth it becomes ready for fertilization. Pollination having been effected, and the pollen-grain having reached the stigma in angio sperms or the summit of the nucellus in mnos erms P gY P it is detained there, and the viscid secretion from the glands of the stigma in the former case, or from the nucellus in the latter, induce the protrusion of the intine as a pollen-tube through the pores of the pollen-tube or tubes pass down the canal fig.

In gymnosperms the pollen-grain resting on the apex of the nucellus sends out its pollen-tubes, which at once penetrate the nucellus fig. In angiosperms when the pollentube reaches the micropyle it passes down into the canal, and this portion of it increases considerably in the apex of the tube comes in contact with the tip of the embryo-sac and perforates it. The male cells in the end of the pollen-tube are then transmitted to the embryo-sac and fertilization is upon this, after a longer or shorter period, those changes commence in the embryo-sac which result in the formation of the embryo plant, the ovule also undergoing changes which convert it into the seed, and fit it for a protective covering, and a store of nutriment for the are the effects of fertilization confined to the ovule; they extend to other parts of the ovary enlarges, and, with the seeds enclosed, constitutes the fruit, frequently incorporated with which are other parts of the flower, as receptacle, calyx, c.

In gymnosperms the pollen-tubes, having penetrated a certain distance down the tissue of the nucellus, are usually arrested in growth for a longer or shorter period, sometimes nearly a and seed are discussed in a separate article - FRUIT.

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